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12 PNL Volume 19 1987 RESEARCH REPORTS
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BREEDING EARLY-MATURING PROTEIN PEAS
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Hovinen, S. Hankkija Plant Breeding Institute
SF-04300 Hyryla, Finland
Finland is perhaps the northernmost country where field peas
are cultivated. Our climatic conditions are characterized by short summers with long days. Daily temperatures drop rapidly in August-September, accompanied by increasing precipitation. New well-adapted pea lines, however, grow well under these
conditions. Seed yields can reach 7,000 kg/ha on a plot basis (Table 1). The mean yield is also high, about 4,500 kg/ha in trials and 3,000 kg/ha on a farm scale. Depending mainly on seed yield, protein yields can also rise to a high level. Considerable year-to-year variability occurs in both characters. The earliest commercial varieties reach maturity in 93-95 days on average. All present varieties are low- or semi-high-stemmed (50-80 cm). The breeding of afila peas was started at the Hankkija Plant
Breeding Institute in 1970. The gene was used to improve lodging resistance. At first, Usatyj-5 was used as a source of af. Later many John Innes varieties were included in crosses to transfer af and st genes into the material. At present, breeding is aimed at combining afila with early maturity, semi-high stem, small seed size, and as high a protein content and protein yield as possible. Under Finnish conditions the crude protein content tends to
remain low. This is a special problem in early afila lines. Protein content is negatively correlated with seed yield (Table 2) but protein yield is partly determined by protein content. To obtain higher protein yields, it is profitable to select in favor of higher protein content. Comparing normal Leaf type With afila alone and with afaf_ stst, decreased leaf area was associated with lower protein content. A highly positive correlation was found between protein content and flowering period, growing time, and stem height. However, late and tall varieties are totally unadap- ted to our climate. They are usually badly lodged when mature, accounting for the positive correlation between lodging and pro- tein content. Protein content is a clear character of variety. Differences
in protein content among varieties persist to some degree from environment to environment, for example, from one year to another (Table 3). There are no exceptions to this when observing pure- lines at different breeding stages. These results are based on crop, not on single plants. Despite large year-to-year differen- ces in protein level, the effect of a variety can be easily dis- tinguished, making selection possible. Significant differences were observed in protein content be-
tween crosses. To illustrate, some of the best and some of the most inferior cross combinations are presented in Table A. From certain crosses it is easy to select lines with a high protein content, whereas it is virtually hopeless in other crosses. Cer- tain varieties also tend to give high- or low-protein progeny. The range of the protein content for single lines (Table 4) was high, in part reflecting environmental variation. New afila pea varieties have been released from the program.
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PNL Volume 19 1987 RESEARCH REPORTS
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13
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'Hankkijan Tammi' (Simo/Usatyj-5, 1984) is a relatively late small
blue variety for both protein production and human consumption. 'Pika' (Procco/Hankkijan Tammi, 1986) is an early small blue variety for the same purposes. 'Helka' and 'Panu' are small blue protein'peas, released in 1986. Helka (Proco/Hja 51221) is medium early; Panu (Proco/Hankkijan Tammi) very early. |
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Table 1. Statistical data of varietal phenotypic characters.
Main trials 1979-85; 388 observations from 8 m2 plots with 2 replications. |
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Table 2. Phenotypic correlations between crude protein content
and other varietal characters. Main trials 1979-1985; 388 observations.
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Character r
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Seed yield -0.19**
Protein yield 0.41*** Leal type -0.39***
Flowering period 0.28** Growing time 0.28**
Stem height 0.34***
Lodging 0.47***
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14 PNL Volume 19 1987 RESEARCH REPORTS
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Table 3. Correlations between crude protein content of varieties
in successive years (Anttila exp. farm). |
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Table 4. Crude protein content of different crosses from line
rows in 1984. |
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*****
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